The common neuro-ophthalmological diseases are:
Optic neuritis:
This is secondary to inflammation/infection in the optic nerve. The most common cause for which is Multiple Sclerosis which is a systemic neurological disease.
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy:
The blood supply to the optic nerve can be compromised due to systemic diseases such as Hypertension or Giant cell arteritis leading to swelling in the optic nerve and reduction in vision.
Papilledema:
There is bilateral swelling of the optic nerve, due to rise in intracranial pressure. Common causes for papilledema are Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension, brain tumours, head injury etc.
Cranial Nerve Palsies:
Diseases like diabetes, head trauma, stroke etc can damage nerves which are responsible for eye movements. Lack of coordination in eye movements can lead to double vision.